Refugee’s experience many stressful experiences including war-trauma, migration stress, and post-migration stress. They also suffer from many physical and psychological symptoms and disorders, partly owing to the stressful experiences they have. Assessing the stressful experiences and the symptoms and disorders is challenging, partly because the sheer number of events and symptoms can be overwhelming to discover for investigators and to hear and process by clinicians. Most of the assessments available are thus not comprehensive, but rather assess parts of experiences and/or symptoms and disorders. Refer to Table 1 below. The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), developed by Mollica and colleagues is a self-report questionnaire with 4 parts.

Apr 20, 2015 - We examined measurement invariance in scores from the most widely used PTSD measure in refugee populations, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992), in a multinational and multilingual sample of asylum seekers from 81 countries of origin in 11 global regions. Basic Immunology Abbas 4th Edition. Clustering HTQ. Neo Geo Roms Metal Slug 6 Aliens.

Burger Rush Activation Code. The purpose of part 1 is to measure 17 war-related traumatic experiences. The scale was conceptualized by expert, consensus methods from clinical experience, and was designed to allow respondents to check as many of 4 responses for each experience that apply to them (“did not happen,” “experienced,” “witnessed,” or “heard about). The HTQ manual describes its development, although it is not clear how items were chosen and designed. The trauma scale is reliable in clinical samples, although some items may not be reliable. It was rationally rather than empirically developed from clinical rather than community samples and description about the construct and item development is scant.

There is one item that subjectively assesses torture, which has not been found to be reliably measured in test-retest approaches. The purpose of the Post Migration Living Difficulties Scale (PMLD), developed by Silove and colleagues, is to assess current life stressors of asylum seekers. Each of the 23 items of this administered survey is rated on a 5-point scale from “no problem” to “a very serious problem,” with a composite score determined. Its construct, development and design are not further discussed.

Principal component analyses yielded 5 factors accounting for 69.8% of the variance of the 23 items: refugee determination process; health, welfare and asylum problems; family concerns; general adaptation stressors; and social and cultural isolation. The PMLD is valid in discriminating between refugees, asylees, and immigrants in the one study completed. The PMLD is an important concept measuring life experiences other than war, but its usefulness may be limited because of the lack of description about its design, development, reliability and validity, and scoring. The 32-item Resettlement Stressor Scale (RSS), developed by Clarke, Sack, and Goff from their experience with Cambodian adolescents, is intended to measure stress due to resettlement. In one study with 38 adolescents, the RSS score discriminated between those who had psychiatric illness and those who did not using diagnostic interviews, and accounted for 11.7% of PTSD score variance but did not account for the depression score variance. The War Trauma Scale (WTS), also developed by Clarke and colleagues from their clinical experience, consists of 42-items in both an interview and self-report format, measuring traumatic experiences inflicted by the Pol Pot regime. The WTS full-scale score had adequate internal consistency and inter-rater reliability and accounted for 15.4% of PTSD score variance and 6.7% of depression score variance.